anesthesia and sedation in chough (pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) following intranasal administration of diazepam, midazolam, xylazine with or without ketamine: clinical evaluation

objective- this study aimed to compare sedation efficacy in intranasal administration of xylazine, diazepam and midazolam with or without ketamine in chough. design- to determine the sedation efficacy, an experimental in vivo study was employed. animals- seven healthy choughs were examined in the current study. procedures- with an interval of one week, seven healthy adult non domesticated choughs of either genders, weighing 232.54±14.5 grams, were sedated or anesthetized by xylazine (8 mg/kg), diazepam (8mg/kg) and midazolam (8mg/kg)with or without ketamine(30 mg/kg). results- fallowing intranasal administration of the subjects, sedation or anesthesia was produced in all groups. conclusion and clinical relevance-this study revealed that intranasal use of xylazine, diazepam and midazolame alone or combined with ketamine provides reliable sedation in chough; however all anaesthesia protocols are not perfect to be used in surgical procedures.